M9 Bharat

In May 2025 the IMF approved fresh aid for Pakistan – a $1.4 billion loan (via its Resilience and Sustainability Facility) and a $1 billion tranche of an existing $7 billion program. While IMF officials hailed Pakistan’s reforms, critics warn this marks “the 24th bailout” of Pakistan since 1958, continuing a debt-and-austerity cycle. Economists note Pakistan already spends roughly 60% of its tax revenue on debt interest, leaving only tiny shares for public welfare. For example, an analysis shows Pakistan spends ≈1.7% of its budget on education and just 0.8% on health. As a Reuters analysis puts it, each bailout has been “a borrowed chip to cover the last round of losses”. Pakistan’s critics – from opposition leaders to ordinary business owners – warn that each IMF deal comes with painful conditions. IMF programs typically force harsh fiscal austerity . In Pakistan this has meant big new taxes and subsidy cuts. Under the 2024 agreement, Islamabad agreed to hike taxes on farm inc...

 The Panama Canal (Central America) and the Suez Canal (Egypt) are two of the world’s most important man-made waterways, each drastically shortening global sea routes. The Panama Canal (opened 15 Aug 1914) connects the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans across the Isthmus of Panama. The Suez Canal (opened Nov 1869) links the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea across Egypt. By cutting thousands of nautical miles from major shipping lanes, both canals serve as “vital gateways of commerce” for eastern and western trade. For example, the Panama Canal shaves roughly 13,000 km off the sea journey between New York and San Francisco, while the Suez Canal provides the fastest route between Europe and Asia. Historical Background and Construction Timeline Suez Canal: The idea dates to antiquity, but modern construction began under French diplomat Ferdinand de Lesseps . After a concession in 1854, digging started in 1859 and took ten years. The canal was completed August 18, 1869, and fo...

The Konkan Railway Corporation Limited (KRCL) was incorporated in July 1990 as a special purpose vehicle to build India’s long-awaited west-coast rail link. At that time, the Government of India “departed from its policy of controlling railway projects” and made Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka and Kerala equity partners in the new corporation. Under the leadership of former Railway Minister George Fernandes and engineer E. Sreedharan, KRCL raced to construct the 741 km line through the challenging Western Ghats. The first train ran between Udupi and Mangalore in March 1993, and by January 1998 the full coastal route (Roha in Maharashtra to Mangaluru in Karnataka) was operational. The scenic line – known for its tunnels and bridges – quickly became a vital corridor linking Mumbai with Goa, Karnataka and Kerala, dramatically cutting travel times and spurring local development. The Konkan Railway route winds through lush hills and valleys of India’s western coast. KRCL was created as ...

The Indus Valley Civilization (IVC) has long been regarded as a puzzle in ancient history. Many scholars and textbooks have portrayed it as a remarkably peaceful realm, especially when compared to contemporaries in Mesopotamia and Egypt. Unlike those civilizations – which left behind vivid records of wars, conquests, and armies – the Indus cities yield little overt evidence of warfare. This observation has led to the oft-repeated claim that the Harappans (as IVC people are called) were peace-loving, lacking armies or conflict. As one historian noted, “there is no trace of warfare or invasion” in the Indus cities; in fact, the Harappans do not seem to have kept any army or weapons of war, and “as far as the evidence goes, it seems to have been a relatively peaceful civilization”. But how valid is this characterization? In this article, we explore archaeological and scholarly evidence for and against the idea of a “peaceful” Indus Valley Civilization, examining what the absence of war mi...

 The East India Company was founded in London in 1600 as a joint-stock trading company. It received a royal charter on December 31, 1600, giving it a monopoly on English trade with Asia. In 1608 the Company’s first ships landed at Surat on India’s west coast. Over the 17th century it built trading “factories” or forts at key ports: Surat, Madras (1639), Bombay (1668), and Calcutta (from 1690s). Early Company agents like Sir Thomas Roe secured permission from Mughal Emperor Jahangir (c.1615) to establish a factory at Surat. By the early 1700s the Company was trading textiles, indigo, saltpeter, tea and spices and had even won an imperial decree (a 1717 “firman”) from Emperor Farrukh­siyar exempting it from customs duties in Bengal. In this period the British gradually eclipsed older European rivals (the Portuguese and Dutch) and built prosperous communities in the three Presidency towns (Calcutta, Bombay, Madras). By the mid-18th century, however, the Company was no longer...

Introduction: The Quit India Movement, launched in August 1942, was a decisive mass uprising in India’s struggle against British colonial rule. Coming in the midst of World War II, it was a call for the British to “Quit India” immediately. Mahatma Gandhi’s famous exhortation – “Do or Die” – energized millions of Indians to participate in protests, strikes, and acts of civil disobedience. This article traces the events from 1935 to 1942 that culminated in the Quit India Movement, examining both national and international factors. We present a timeline of key developments, analyze crucial policies and incidents (from the Government of India Act 1935 to the Cripps Mission of 1942 ), and discuss the roles of prominent leaders like Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, Subhas Chandra Bose, and the Indian National Congress. We also assess the immediate outcomes and long-term impact of Quit India – including British repression, public mobilization, and its influence on India’s independence in 1947 – ...