M9 Bharat

The Indus Valley Civilization (IVC), also known as the Harappan Civilization, was a Bronze Age urban culture that flourished in the northwestern Indian subcontinent roughly between 2600–1900 BCE. Contemporary with ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia, it was remarkable for its expansive geography – from modern Afghanistan through Pakistan into northwest India – making it the most widespread of the early Old World civilizations. First excavated in the 1920s (notably at Harappa and Mohenjo-daro), the IVC pushed back the antiquity of South Asian history by many centuries. Its discovery revealed a highly planned urban society with sophisticated craft industries, extensive trade networks, and an enigmatic script. This article explores two broad themes of the Indus Valley Civilization – its socioeconomic status and its art, culture, and literature – based on current historical and archaeological consensus. Socioeconomic Status in the Indus Valley Civilization Social Structure and Class Hierarch...

PM Modi addresses the nation about Operation Sindoor against Terrorism  Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s address on May 12, 2025 came in the aftermath of a major terror attack and a subsequent Indian military operation. On April 22, 2025, terrorists massacred 26 civilians (many of them tourists) in Pahalgam, Kashmir , in a barbaric attack that shocked the nation. An offshoot of the Pakistan-based Lashkar-e-Taiba claimed responsibility. In response, India launched “Operation Sindoor” on May 6-7 – a series of precise strikes on terrorist camps in Pakistan and Pakistan-occupied Kashmir (PoK). This marked one of India’s most significant cross-border counter-terror operations since the Balakot airstrike in 2019. By May 10, facing heavy losses, Pakistan’s military pleaded for de-escalation and agreed to a ceasefire. Against this backdrop, PM Modi’s televised address – his first statement since Operation Sindoor – was highly anticipated. In his speech, he praised India’s armed forces , ...